Haplo Groups
HAPLOGROUP A
Haplogroup A is split into two subgroups A1 and A2. The first subgroup A1 is found in Asia, both the north and central regions. A1 can also be found in Japan and sometimes Korea. The subgroup A2 has been found primarily in Siberia and in the Native American communities. This could suggest a possible link between the Asia America migration.
HAPLOGROUP B
This group includes Japan, Central Asia, China and Taiwan. Because of the old age of the group, its lineage is found in a wide geographical distribution.
HAPLOGROUP C
Haplogroup C appears in Native American as well as North East Asia, namely Siberia. It is believed that 20,000 years ago a migration occured from Siberia to Alaska from the land known as Beringia.
HAPLOGROUP D
Haplogroup D includes 5 groups that appear in Native Americans. It is also similar to others (C,A,B,X) commonly found in Northeast Asia and Siberia. It is believed that migration occured from the Ice Age land mass Beringia.
HAPLOGROUP F
This group is primarily found in Asia countries, including Japan, east China and southwest Asia. It is still being divided into subgroups and has an undetermined first appearance.
HAPLOGROUP HV
Haplogroup HV appeared about 20,000 years ago before the advent of farming in Europe. Today this group appears mainly in western countries and is seldom found in eastern European countries.
HAPLOGROUP I
Haplogroup I migrated to Europe about 30,000 years ago and was one of the first to do so. It generally is found in north western regions as well as Arabia and Egypt.
HAPLOGROUP J
Haplogroup J is the sister group of Haplogroup T and moved into Europe from the near east around 10,000 years ago. It is found throughout the Western Eurasia (Caucasus), Russia and the Baltic Sea and is believed to have been apart of the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic times
HAPLOGROUP K
Haplogroup K appeared about 16,000 years ago and was a part of the populations which spread through Europe after the last glacial maximum. During the expansion of the glaciers, these people were forced to seek refuge in Northern Italy, Spain and southern France. It is believed the the remains of the 5,200 year old Copper Age man "Otzi" belong to this group.
HAPLOGROUP L1
Haplogroup L1 was the earliest offshoot of Mitochondrial Eve, the ancestor of all humans dating back 150,000 - 170,000 years ago. This group is extinct and the earliest existing group associated to all humans is the second group L1. This group is found in West and Central sub-Sahrahan Africa. It is assumed that Eve lived in Africa as a result of this.
HAPLOGROUP L2
Haplogroup L2 encompasses about a third of all sub-Saharan Africans arising about 59,000 - 78,000 years ago connecting with the evolutionary line of L1. L2 marks the group that stayed behind and did not migrate to other continents. There are fours subclades L2a, L2b, L2c,L2d. The most widespread of the four is L2a and it forms the most widespread cluster in Africa - the most common lineage of African Americans.
HAPLOGROUP L3
L3 appeared around 80,000 years ago and is found only in Africa. M and N originated from L3 and these two groups bind all Eurasian lineages. So it assumes that although L3 was only found in Africa it is linked to many other populations.
HAPLOGROUP LLY22G
Commonly known as Haplogroup N which originated in Siberia, this group is found in Finland, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Russia and still in Siberia. It continues to move through the centuries and is now being found further south in Norway and in much of North Eastern Europe
HAPLOGROUP M*
This is a large group containing many undefined branches. M* is a macro - haplogroup and traces the first human migrations out of Africa. Subgroups M7 and M8 are found in Eastern Asia, and C and D in America and the Indian sub continent. Further study of this group promises to further clarify the big picture of Human genetic diversity.
HAPLOGROUP M1
M1 appears in Sub-Saharan Africa and is the only subgroup to do so. It is speculative as to whether M1 is a lineage of East African origin or a reverse migration from Asia or North Africa. This group is found in populations outside of Africa in the Near East, the Caucasus and in Europe (in lower frequencies)
HAPLOGROUP M122
This haplogroup appeared around 10,000 years ago and follow a genetic footprint from the east Asian agriculture. This is assumed because it is widely considered that rice farming techniques were carried by a unique population that grew and expanded rather than spreading from culture to culture.
M122 is prevelant in more than half of all male Chinese which defines them as descendants of the rice farmers. The lineage is commonly found in East Asia, namely China and Taiwan and in lesser frequencies in Tahiti and Indonesia.
A population boom surround the distribution outlines of M122 which began in China and spread East and South. Areas include Taiwan, Japan and Southeast Asia and correlate with the evidence for the spread of rice agriculture.
HAPLOGROUP M130
This group appeared 50,000 years ago and marks a great southern coastal migration. It traces the southern Arabian Peninsula through India, Sri Lanka and southeast Asia finally ending in Australia and give us an answer to the long standing question of how Australian came to be populated.
The culture known as beachcombers, followed the coast and lived from the bounty of the sea. Although evidence is sparce due to rising sea levels, facts support a fast moving seaside journey. Evidence does bear witness to the journey as well as preserved artifacts from Australia's earliest human habitation. All these combined are a good match for the timeline of M130.
The journey did not however end in Australia. Descendants are found futher north in Eastern Asia 6,000 - 8,000 years ago and even further to north America.
HAPLOGROUP M168
Eurasian Adam was the first appearance of M168, the common ancestors of everyone today living outside of Africa. This DNA sequence occurred 31,00 - 79,000 years in Ethiopia or Sudan.
M168 decendants were the first to survive to present day after being taken out of Africa and away from humanity's birthplace.
Massive population growth was prevalent in The Upper Paleolithic era which supposedly led these people to find new hunting ground. Behavioral changes occurred in this time as archeological evidence has discovered improved tools and the birth of art. The root of this boosted cognitive function suggusts a time of genetic mutation.
Whatever the reason for there journey, M168 charts the trip out of Africa and into the subsequent populating of the entire planet.
HAPLOGROUP M17
This group appear 10,000 years ago and originated in Europe in southern Russian or the Ukraine. Appearing on the M173 lineage, it spread from Europe through India, the Middle East and Iceland. Today it is found in the Czech Republic, Siberia and south central Asia.
These people were steppe dwellers and nomadic farmers and possibly the first to domesticate the horse.
These people where also quite likely to have been the first speakers of proto Indo- European languages. They were known as the Kurgan people and created the linguistic root of English, Farsi and various Indian languages. It is assumed that 5,000 - 10,000 years ago in modern Russia or Turkey, all Indo - European languages sprang from a common source which falls in line with the gentic profile of M17.
HAPLOGROUP M170
This group appeared 20,000 years ago and traces it roots to the middle East. A robust archeological culture known as the the Gravettian suggests it expansion into southeast Europe. Today it is found in the Balkans and southeastern and central Europe.
It is suggested that there may be ties to the B.C. Celtic culture.
HAPLOGROUP M172
Appearing 15,000 - 10,000 years ago, J2 was crucially involved in modern human development. The members originated in the Fertile Crescent and were the first farmers during neolithic times. The success of these people led to the rise of modern cities and settled communities.
Farming spurred growing population and M172 is the marker defining an important subset of this group. This group is associated genetically to the site of Jericho one of the world oldest agrarian societies. Successful migrations carried these people through the rivers of Central Asia and northern India. The group is commonly found in North Africa, southern Europe and the Middle East and in smaller frequencies in Italy and Spain.
HAPLOGROUP M173
This group first appeared 35,000 years ago and achieved the first large scale settlement in Europe by modern humans. This was a result migrant hunters on the Central Asian steppes moving to the west and east.
Coinciding with this is the appearance of modern art in the form of cave paintings like those in Lascaux and Chauvet. They are suggested to not be a result of improving artistic abilities but the arrival of peoples with an established skill.
The Neanderthals populated Europe until 28.000 years ago. Their M173 hominid neighbors began to diverge genetically with these Neanderthals some 500,000 years ago. Human are not genetic descendants of Neanderthals, and there is no evidence of interbreeding between them and the human species.
Neanderthals are considered an evolutionary dead end and disappeared after the arrival of M173 descendants in Europe. It is assumed that early humans were better hunters and had better resources which led to the demise of the hominids.
The advancement of the Ice Age led to further shape the journey of M173's lineage through Europe. People began to take rufuge inSpain, Italy and the Balkans. As the Ice Age relented, people moved north west to northern France and the British Isles.
HAPLOGROUP M174
This group first appeared about 50,000 years ago and is one of two African lineages defined by the presence of the differing YAP gene. It accompanied M130 populations on the great migration tracing the coastal arc along the Southern Arabian peninsula, through India, Sri Lanka, South Eat Asia and Australian.
M174 appears in populations in the Andaman Islands near southeast Asia though no longer in India. It also occurs highly in Japan at over 40 percent.
Later on the M174 peoples from Mongolia moved to Tibet where it is common today.
HAPLOGROUP M175
These are genetically mixed early Siberians coming from the central Asian steppe hunter lineage delineated by marker M45.
Several ancient Siberians migrated north and east to modern China - however the majority followed the steppes eastward through southern Siberia. About 80% of all people living east of the central Asian mountains carry this marker M175
About 35,000 years ago these migrants reached the east and were isolated by the mountains and ice sheet from the Ice Age. M175 is almost uniquely found only in the East Asia region as a result of this.
HAPLOGROUP M2
The Africans who chose not to leave their home continent devoloped the marker M2.
They are a part of the larger African lineage group E3a. Predominantly in West Africa, most African American can trace their genetic history to this line,
HAPLOGROUP M20
M20 are the descendants of the Indian Clan and undertook the settlement of India 30,000 years ago. M20 was first known as the group M9 that ventured south of the mountains of Pamir Knot into India before acquiring the marker M20.
Southern Indians hold a closer lineage to the marker than Northern Indian populations which are more affected by the waves of immigration.
M20 were not the first migrants to arrive in India. They were preceded by early coastal migrants who had been there four tens of thousands of years in the south.
M 20 is not often found outside of India.
HAPLOGROUP M201
This group appeared 10,000 - 20,000 years ago but is of very low frequency in most populations. History is unclear about this group, however it is believed to have appeared in the Indus Valley or North India.
HAPLOGROUP M242
15,000 - 20,000 years ago the Ice Age reached its maximum and another marker, M242, appeared in humans who moved into the ice free regions of coastal eastern Siberia. Their decendants still dwell here.
Bitterly cold temperatures forced these humans to adapt and develop new ways to make shelters, clothing, sewing and tools, thus enabling them to survive the freezing temperatures. They survived by hunting large mammals and using techniques still found in today's Arctic peoples. M242 became the ancestor of most lineages in America around 15,000 years ago as they started to move into new worlds.
During this era a land mass called Beringia connected Siberia and Alaska. Beringia remained ice free and habitable and was eventually a route to the American settlement. This is supported by archeological evidence which suggests that north American human settlement appears 15,00 years ago.
Somehow M242 must have skirted the ice sheets that covered Canada and although it is unclear exactly how, there is speculation that an ice free corridor existed adjacent to the Rocky mountains.
HAPLOGROUP M3
This group appeared 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. M3 was a result of a genetic change after M242 crossed into the Americas. It defines most of the American lineage. The majority of native North America and practically all of native South America are M3 descendants.
The only non M3 lineages are the original coastal migrants defined by M130 who first populated the south east Asian coast and Australia. This occurred around 6,000 to 8,000 years after these people moved along the east Asia coastline. This was long after M242 arrived and acquired M3.
It can be concluded that because M3 is found in only one continent and M242 is found in both that it was acquired after American settlement. It is also likely that this occurred after the closing of the Beringia land bridge around 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.
HAPLOGROUP M343
This group appeared around 35,000 years ago. Also known as Haplogroup R1b, it is descended from the Cro-Magnon people who were the continent's first modern humans. This lineage is made up of Individuals who never acquired an additional marker such as M17 but do carry M173.
Southern England has a frequency of about 70% R1b. Ninety percent in Spain and Ireland. The last Ice Age is echoed in these geographical representations when the Cro Magnons were driven to warmer climates of Spain, Italy and the Balkans as they reduced in numbers and the ice retreated.
Many of the sublineages with R1b have not been well defined.
HAPLOGROUP M35
This group first appeared 20,000 years ago. It is the result of a genetic change in the Middle Eastern M96 populations who left Africa around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. The Neolithic spread of these people out of the Middle East is associated with the marker M35 and now defines the Haplogroup E3b.
This group tends to appear in Italy, southeast Europe and North Africa. Migrating farmers where the likely cause of the spread, during the age of agricultural prosperity. This precipitated the geographical dispersal of M172 lineage.
HAPLOGROUP M4
This lineage is yet to be researched fully. It is a rare lineage with many possibilties for future study. Occurring around 10,000 years ago, M4 peoples lived in Southeast Asia - Melanesia, Indonesia and Micronesia.
It is assumed that the marker spread with the proliferation of rice agriculture throughout southeast Asia.
HAPLOGROUP M45
Many peoples carrying the M9 marker moved north of the mountainous Hindu Kush and onto the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and southern Siberia. Àt about 35,000 to 40,000 years ago, the marker M45 was obtained by one of them which eventually defined them as the most common ancestor of Native Americans and most Europeans.
During the Ice Age to the north of Hindu Kush there were frigid temperature and difficult times. At the steppes plentiful game provided easier circumstances but the people would have to develop other skills and new ways to cope with the climate.
They refined their hunting weapons and also learned to sew and use animal skin for clothing. This adaptation which was more cultural than biological is more than likely the reason for there survival in such cold climates.
There has been no evidence of hominiods such as Homo Erectus or Neanderthals in these areas.
HAPLOGROUP M52
Found rarely anywhere else the M52 is the "Indian Marker" and found namely in that continent. It is believed to be around 10,000 to 30,000 years old.
M52 is believed to have risen in India because of it primarily Indian concentration. It could however have originated in southern central Asia , Iran or the Middle East. Perhaps it appeared during the migrations of the M20. The first national settlement of India began after these people travelled from Central Asia through the mountainous Pamir Knot some 30,000 years ago.
HAPLOGROUP M60
This group appeared around 50,000 to 60,000 years ago and is an ancient African line. Many of the African peoples belonging to this group are quite old and represent a wide diversity. This lineage include the Bayaka and Mbuti pygamies.
Many old lineages were widely dispersed such as Haplogroup M60 which appears throughout the African continent.
HAPLOGROUP M89
This group appreared around 45,000 years ago. Although it would be assumed most non Africans were descendants of the original " out of Africa" migration characterized by M130, almost ninety five percent can instead trace their lineage through the Middle East which is defined by the marker M89. This group arose in North Africa or the Middle East. The migration of grassland hunters through the inland is thought to be the connection. The Ice Age caused the fresh water lock up and the region was probably very dry causing the habitants to expand far beyond there present range. Evolving over many years, these people managed to thrive in such an environment, following familiar grasslands to the Middle East. Although many of them stayed, others continued to move.
The Anatolias and the Balkans carried a tiny fraction of the M89 after they struck out north. Few people actually took this route but traces can be found of this journey which involved trading grassland for unfamiliar forests and high country.
The grasslands that led through Iran to the steppe lands of Central Asia was the route chosen by most others. The habitat was filled with antelope, buffalo and woolly mammoths and most likely stretched from France to Korea at this time. As the grassland hunters of M89 expanded both east and west, the Steppes were the perfect conduit for the peopling of the continent
HAPLOGROUP M9
This group appeared around 40,000 years ago and is a descendant of M89. It originated with one man who was born in Iran or South central Asia who was dubbed M9. His descendants are the Eurasian clan and over the next 30,000 populated the planet. Most of the northern Hemisphere are descendants of M9. Indians, Europeans, North Americans and Asians mostly carry this marker.
The M9 developed most probably in a gradual process as a following of food. Game was chased eastward by the hunters across the steppes until entering the mountains of the southern central Asia highlands. The Hindu Kush, Tian Shan and the Himalayas would have formed an almost frightening and impermeable barrier back in the last ice age that would have undeniably split the course of future migration.
HAPLOGROUP M91
This group appeared around 50,000 years ago. This is an African marker that represents the most diverse of all the Y chromosome lineages. It links genetically back to our earliest days as a species and to our common ancestor Adam.
Many of the people of Haplogroup A speak ancient click languages like the Tanzanian Hadza. These groups are old linguistically, genetically and also culturally. They retain the hunter gather societies once very common in the world. Carriers of this marker are descendants of these people and as of the last two to three thousand years have been not only reduced in numbers but been forced into smaller pockets by the growth of the Bantu culture.
HAPLOGROUP M96
Found around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, M96 is the second lineage defined by the prescence of the YAP polymorphism. It is thought to have arisen in the northeast African region but further research is needed to confirm these findings.
The people carrying the M96 gene moved out of Africa to the Middle East. They were grassland hunters and may also have accompanied the M89 peoples of which a majority are all non Africans are associated. it is also possible that they simply followed the same route as the M89 at a later date.
HAPLOGROUP N
This group resulted from the African Haplogroup L3. It spread many sublineages across Eurasia and the Americas. Although much research is needed, it is thought that there are many subclades which define more geographically distinct lineages within the Macro Haplogroup N.
HAPLOGROUP NI
With an undetermined first appearance, this group is often grouped in with the Haplogroups I and W. It is very rare and its frequencies are low in Europe and the Near East and throughout the Caucasus mountains. The geographical origins of this group cannot be determined without considerable more research.
HAPLOGROUP pre - HV
First appearing around 40,000 years ago, this lineage is found mainly in the Middle East and in Arabia. It can also be found in Ethiopia and Somalia ; however, because it is so widespread in the Middle East, it probably originated there and then spread to the African continent.
HAPLOGROUP R
A decendant of Macro Haplogroup N , Haplogroup R is a gathering of subgroups found in all continents except Australia. Carried by the subgroups pre HV, U, T and J are the European and Near East populations, Subgroups R5 and R6 arose on the Indian subcontinent. Also decended from the R lineage are Haplogroups F ( east Asia) and B (Americas).
HAPLOGROUP T
This group first appeared around 10,000 years ago. Similar to Haplogroup J, Haplogroup T decended from the parent Haplogroup R. This group originated in the Near East. It was highly probable that agricultural practices were brought to Europe by the farmers of this group.
The Ural mountains and Baltic and Western Eurasia is where this group is found today.
HAPLOGROUP U
Appearing around 55,000 years ago somewhere in the region of Europe and the North East, Haplogroup U is found there at a frequency of almost 7%. Subgroups reflect their own geographical locations which tend to include the Indian and North African components. In North Africa the subgroup U6 is commonly found and may substantiate a theory of migration back into the region from the North East and Europe.
HAPLOGROUP V
Appearing around 12,000 years ago this group is found in the northwestern European populations which includes the Saami people of northern Scandinavia and Russia. Haplogroup V is a sister group of Haplogroup H, and its lineage is also observed in North Africa. It arose around the Iberian Peninsula.
HAPLOGROUP W
This group has an undetermined first apperance and is a rare haplogroup. Appearing in the Ural mountains and the eastern Baltic Sea, Haplogroup W also appears in India. This is different from its sister Haplogroups I and N1 which only appear as far as the Middle East. However far more reseach must be done on the group before specifics regarding full geographical and chronologial story can be decided.
HAPLOGROUP X
Appearing first around 30,000 years ago , Haplogroup X is a radiation of the Macro Haplogroup N and is split into two major branches. It is found in North and East Africa as well as the near East is X1. Occurring at a far wider distribution is X2. This lineage encompasses all X mtDNA's in western and central Asia, Europe, Siberia and throughout the Near East and North Africa. One of the 5 native American haplogroups is the X2a.
HAPLOGROUP Z
Haplogroup Z has an undetermined appearance and like its sister group C is a sub branch of Macro Haplogroup M. This marker more than likely arose in the central East Asian region and its greatest diversity appears in Northern China, Korea and Central Asia. It is found in the Saami population of northern Scandinavia and Russia